Очень всего два задания


Ex. 1 Define the functions of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Gold Rushes occurred when lots of people found out that gold was found somewhere and everyone traveled to that place to find some, too. 2. Romans used lead to make the pipes that carried water into Rome. 3. The newly grown Russian gold mining business began to look at the vast Siberian territories already in the mid-twenties of the XIX century. 4. There are two techniques to recover gold from the earth's surface, first from alluvial deposits in rivers and the other is by mining it. 5. In 1826 the Crown granted the first permissions to search for gold to several entrepreneurs and in early 30-s a wave of gold rush inundated mountainous areas of the Southern Siberia. 6. In ancient times gold was thought to be the most precious metal in view of its durability and aesthetic values. 7. Moreover it is still a puzzle why the Russians tended to explore and develop the Pacific coast of Alaska instead of Priokhotie where they had established their first fort Okhotsk already in 1688! 8. Also the development of new mining technologies allowed to extract deeper deposits. 9. Although some deep mining took place as early as the late Tudor period (in the North East, and along the Firth of Forth coast) deep shaft mining in the UK began to develop extensively in the late 18th century. 10. Technological development throughout the 19th and 20th centuries helped both to improve the safety of colliers and the productive capacity of collieries they worked. 11. In the late 20th century, improved integration of coal extraction with bulk industries such as electrical generation helped coal maintain its position despite the emergence of alternative energies supplies. 12. Currently, in numerous developed countries gold is considered to be an ornament only.

Put the verbs in brackets into the proper tense form. Translate into Ruusian:

Gold (to know) to people for over 6000 years now. The approach of people to gold (to change) over the years and places in the world. In ancient times gold (to think) to be the most precious metal in view of its durability and aesthetic values. For many centuries it (to use) as a legal tender and a perfect material in jeweler craft. Currently, in numerous developed countries gold (to consider) to be an ornament only. However, in Near East and large part of Asia gold jewelry (to consider) also a good capital investment. Gold mining (to conduct) as early as in ancient Egypt however the output (to be) low (approx. 1 t per year). In the times of Roman Empire approx. 5 to 10 t of gold (to extract) but in Middle Ages the winning of gold (to drop) back to around 1 t. An increase in output (to report) only in the 15th century as the mining of deposits in Africa (Ghana) started. Later gold (to win) in America after being conquered by the Spaniards and, from the beginning of the 18th century, also in Russia.

History of gold mining can (to divide) into two periods. The first one, ending in the middle of 19th century, during which around 10,000 t of gold (to extract), and the other one, which still continues, comprising the period of Californian gold rush started in 1848. Over 90% of the total gold output so far (to mine) in that period. In parallel to the discoveries of gold deposits in America operation of mines in Australia, South Africa and Canada (to start). In view of gold parity introduced for most of convertible currencies the demand for gold (to start) to rise from the beginning of the 19th century.