Необходимо краткое содержание текста.
Diseases usually are indicated by signs and symptoms. A sign is an objective manifestation of disease that can be determined by a physician; a symptom is subjective evidence of disease reported by the patient. Each disease entity has a constellation of signs and symptoms more or less uniquely its own; individual signs such as fever, however, may be found in a great number of diseases. Some of the common manifestations of disease—as they relate to an imbalance of normal homeostasis—are taken up in this section. They are covered more at length in the article diagnosis.

Fever is an abnormal rise in body temperature. It is most often a sign of infection but can be present whenever there is tissue destruction, as, for example, from a severe burn or when large amounts of tissue have died because of lack of blood supply. Body temperature is controlled by the thermostatic centre in the hypothalamus. Certain protein and polysaccharide substances are capable of raising the thermostat and causing a rise in body temperature. Fever is a highly significant indicator of disease.

An increase in the number of circulating phagocytic white blood cells (leukocytosis), is one of the more common manifestations of disease. The stimulus for such an event may be any inflammatory process in the body, such as is caused by bacteria, viruses, or any process that leads to the destruction of cells. Such leukocytosis is reflected in the white blood cell count, which may be substantially elevated above the normal upper value of 10,000 cells per cubic millimetre of blood.

The pulse rate is another easily obtainable and important piece of information. The heart rate varies with the level of physical activity: the heart beats faster during exercise and more slowly during rest. Persons who are physically active typically have a lower resting heart rate than sedentary individuals.. Moreover, an inappropriate heart rate (or pulse) can be indicative of disease. The heart rate increases in the feverish patient. A weak, rapid pulse rate may be a sign of severe blood loss or of disease within the heart itself. Irregularity of the pulse (arrhythmia) is an important indicator of heart malfunction.

The respiratory rate (rate of breathing) is modified by disease. Persons with fever have an increased respiratory rate (hyperventilation), which serves to lower body temperature (this rapid breathing is analogous to the panting of a dog). Hyperventilation is a common response to painful stress. Any condition leading to acidosis (lowering of body pH) similarly drives the respiratory rate upward. Diseases of the lungs—with the accompanying inability to oxygenate the blood adequately—have a similar effect.

Temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate—called the vital signs—may be important manifestations of disease. A fourth vital sign, blood pressure, is equally significant. Among other things, it indicates the amount of blood in circulation. A decrease in circulating blood volume, as is seen with severe bleeding, lowers the blood pressure and deprives the tissues of adequate blood flow. Reflexes are initiated that compensate for the reduced blood volume and blood pressure. The heart rate increases and compensates to some extent for the sudden reduction in blood volume and pressure; at the same time, peripheral blood vessels in such areas as the abdomen constrict, tending to divert the reduced blood volume to the more vital areas such as the brain and head. Unusual elevation of pressure (hypertension) is a disease by itself.

The Hermitage is one of the world's largest museums. It is located in Saint Petersburg. It consists of 5 buildings. The museum's collection houses about 3 million different works of art.From the very beginning the Hermitage was Catherine's II private collection of paintings, but in the time of Nicholas I the Hermitage opened for general public. This happened in 1852.

Эрмитаж является одним из крупнейших музеев мира. Он расположен в Санкт-Петербурге. Он состоит из 5 зданий. Коллекция музея насчитывает около 3 млн. произведений искусства.
С самого начала Эрмитажа Частная коллекция Екатерины II в живописи, но во времена Николая I Эрмитаж был открыт для широкой публики. Это произошло в 1852 году

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My Favourite Newspaper Моя любимая газета

Beginning to tell you about my favourite newspaper, firstly I would like to stress that the mass media and especially press play very important role in our lives. Начиная рассказывать вам о своей любимой газет, сначала я хотел бы подчеркнуть, что средства массовой информации, и особенно пресса, играют очень важную роль в нашей жизни.

Needless to say that the mass media have done and continue doing much to excite and to maintain our interest in every aspect of the life in Russia. But I want to draw your attention to the work of press and its role in the life of society. Нет нужды говорить, что СМИ сделали и продолжают делать многое, чтобы вызывать и поддерживать наш интерес к каждой стороне жизни в России. Но я хочу привлечь ваше внимание к работе прессы и ее роли в жизни общества.

The press is one of those few means of getting information, which exists in almost all parts of the world. Reading different newspapers and magazines, we learn about recent political, economical and cultural events in Russia and abroad, about international relations and progressive views, about ordinary and extraordinary things and cases. That is why I think it necessary that people should read newspapers and magazines. Пресса – одно их тех нескольких средств получения информации, которое существует почти во всех частях света. Читая разные газеты и журналы, мы узнаем о недавних политических, экономических и культурных событиях в России и за рубежом, о международных отношениях и прогрессивных точках зрения, об обычных и удивительных вещах и случаях. Поэтому я считаю, необходимо, чтобы люди читали газеты и журналы.

As for me, my favourite newspaper is “Moskovskiy Komsomolets” (“MK”, in brief). I am sure you have heard about this newspaper and have had a chance to read it. I suppose, it gives us a great amount of information and quickly and vividly reflects current and important events on its pages. Что касается меня, моя любимая газета – “Московский Комсомолец” (кратко – “МК”). Я уверена, что вы слышали об этой газете и имели возможность прочитать ее. Я полагаю, она предоставляет нам большое количество информации и быстро и ярко отражает текущие и важные события на своих страницах.

The principal vital and actual problems are always discussed by the reporters of “Moskovskiy Komsomolets” and this feature attracts me much. On the pages of “MK” we also can find broad daylights of the political life of the country – this is another good tradition and positive particularity which is liked by its readers. Основные жизненные и актуальные проблемы всегда обсуждаются корреспондентами “Московского Комсомольца”, и эта особенность очень меня привлекает. На страницах “МК” мы также можем найти широкие обзоры политической жизни – это другая хорошая традиция и положительная черта, которая нравится (дословно – которая любима) его читателям.

For all items and saturation coverage of occasions this newspaper offers a lot of columns and headings with brief and interesting headlines. Для всех тем и широкого обзора событий эта газета предлагает множество колонок и рубрик с краткими и интересными заголовками.

It goes without saying that the most exciting reports and latest news are always published on the first page of “MK” so that the readers could familiarize with them at once. To my mind, it’s very convenient! Само собой разумеется, что наиболее волнующие сообщения и последние новости всегда публикуются на первой странице “МК”, так чтобы yчитателя могли сразу ознакомиться с ними. По моему мнению, это о

Recently a great amount of advertisements have appeared on the news pages and on the pages of “MK” too. I consider this is wrong: advertisements occupy the space which could be used for news or reviews and must be published only as special separate periodicals. They reduce the quality of the newspaper as a source of information and affect its prestige, and this point should be taken into account. В последнее время на страницах новостных изданий и на страницах “МК” тоже появилось большое количество рекламных объявлений. Я считаю, это неправильно: объявления занимают место, которое могло бы использоваться для новостей или обзоров, и должны публиковаться (син. — выходить) только как специальные отдельные периодические издания. Они снижают качество газеты как источника информации и влияют на ее престиж, и эта точка зрения должна быть принята во внимание.

On the whole my favourite newspaper meets my requirements and I hope that it will be printed in future. В целом моя любимая газета отвечает моим требованиям, и я надеюсь, что она будет издаваться и в будущем.

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