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LEVELS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
Higher Education in Russia is introduced by state and non-state accredited higher educational institutions (HEIs). Russian System of Education is one of the most advanced and up-to-date systems in the world. Free quota for higher education is available if only under government funding. Higher Education in Russia is under jurisdiction of Ministry for Education and Science.
Russian Higher Education institutions are:
1. University is a higher education institution aiming at developing education, science and culture through fundamental research and teaching students at all levels of higher undergraduate and postgraduate education in a wide range of natural and social studies as well as science, technology and culture.
2. Academy is a higher education institution aiming at developing education, science and culture through fundamental research and teaching students at all levels of higher undergraduate and postgraduate education mainly in one specific area of science, technology and culture.
3. Institute is a higher education institution or university/academy branch that offers educational programs in specific areas of science, technology and culture and also pursue research.
Graduates from a secondary general school may apply for entrance to a higher education institution.
Higher education is provided by accredited higher education institutions. There are two levels of higher education:
1. Basic higher education (4 years) leading to the Bachelor's degree, the first university level degree. This is equivalent to the B.Sc. degree in the US or Western Europe.
2. Postgraduate higher education (5-6 years or more). After two years, students are entitled to receive a Magistr's degree. This is equivalent to a Master's Degree (M.Sc, M.A.) in the US or Western Europe. After a Master's degree, students can continue to study towards a doctoral degree: the first level, equivalent to Ph.D. and the second, highest level, equivalent to Professor.
Bachelor’s Degree (no less than 4 years of study on a designated program).The curriculum meets the program. Program subject matter has been introduced in accordance with the National Standard in Education. The program embraces occupational training and specific courses in science, humanities, social disciplines and economics; professional training; individual research and degree projects; final exams. Bachelor’s Degree holders are eligible for Master’s Degree. Bachelor’s Degree programs are available for all undergraduate students.
Master’s Degree takes two years after Bachelor’s. MD students have to complete the program which requires a master’s degree dissertation defense revealing its scholastic value, internship and final exams. The master’s degree is conferred after the student successfully defends a thesis prepared under the guidance of an academic advisor.

Answer the questions:

1. What are the levels of higher education in Russia?
2. What is the difference between such higher education institutions as university, institute and academy?
3. What are the similarities and differences in systems of higher education in Russia and abroad?
4. Do teacher training systems in Russia and abroad have much in common?
5. What different marking systems in higher education do you know in different countries?

Mark the statements True or False according to the information in the text:

1. Higher Education in Russia is introduced by state accredited higher educational institutions (HEIs). T / F
2. Higher education is free under government funding in Russia. T / F
3. University is a higher education institution teaching students at all levels of higher undergraduate and postgraduate education mainly in one specific area of science, technology and culture. T / F
4. Bachelor’s Degree programs are available for all secondary school graduates. T / F
5. The first university level degree is a master’s degree. T / F
6. Institute is a higher education institution teaching students at all levels of higher undergraduate and postgraduate education in a wide range of natural and social studies. T / F
7. Basic higher education leading to the Master's degree lasts 4 years. T / F
8. Graduates from a secondary general school may apply for postgraduate higher education. T / F
9. A master’s degree dissertation is optional for the master students. T / F
10. Bachelor’s Degree students can apply for Master’s Degree. T / F