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Moscow is the capital of Russia, its administrative, economic, political and educational
center. It is one of Russia’s major cities with the population of about 9 million people. Its total
area is about 900 thousand square kilometers.
The city was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky and was first mentioned in the chronicles
in 1147. At that time it was a small frontier settlement. By the 15th century Moscow had grown
into a wealthy city.
In the 16th century, under Ivan the Terrible, Moscow became the capital of the state of
Muscovy. In the 18th century Peter the Great transferred the capital to St. Petersburg, but Moscow
remained the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon’s attack in 1812.
During the war of 1812 three quarters of the city were destroyed by fire, but by the middle of the
19th century Moscow was completely rebuilt.
Red Square is the central and the most beautiful square in Moscow. It is the place of
parades, meetings and demonstrations. There is a Cathedral of St. Basil, it was built in 1552. It is
a masterpiece of Russian architecture.
The heart of Moscow is the Kremlin. There is a wonderful architectural ensemble with 3
cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, palaces, fortress walls and 20 towers. The most
famous of the towers is the Spasskay Tower with golden domes and towers makes a strong
impression on tourists.
The present-day Moscow is the seat of the government of the Russian Federation. President
of Russia lives and works here; government offices are located here, too.
Moscow is a major industrial city. Its leading industries are engineering, chemical and light
industries.
Moscow is known for its many historical buildings, museums and art galleries, as well as
for the famous Bolshoi, Malij and Art theatres. There are more than 80 museums in Moscow,
among them the unique Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Andrey
Rublyov Museum of early Russian Art and many others.
Moscow is the city of science and learning. There are a lot of educational institutions in
the city, including a number of universities