с английским Текст

Text 1. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. Theiessence of computer
programmingjis the encoding of the program for the computer
by means of algorythms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations
and calculations^ But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially
processed for the computer to understand it, that is — coded or
programmed.
The phase in which the system's computer programs are
written is called the development phase. The programs are lists
of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the
central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program
must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or else the
wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic
and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans
should be developed.
There are two common techniques for planning the logic of
a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a
plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses
predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the
computer. Each of the predefined symbol shapes stands for a
general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature
of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the
symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to
make drawing the symbols easier.
The second technique for planning program logic is called
pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less timeconsuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting.
It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure.
Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision,
and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic
can be expressed.