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1. What represents the functional organization of a computer?
2. What can we get by studying the functional organization?
3. What is the function of the input device?
4. What does memory serve for?
5. What is the task of the arithmetic-logical unit?
6. What is the function of the output?
7. What is the main purpose of the control unit?
8. How do all units of the computer communicate with each other?
9. What is the additional job of the input?
10. What is the additional function of the output?
As we know, all computer operations can be grouped into five functional categories. The method in which these five functional categories are related to one
another represents the functional organization of a digital computer. By studying
the functional organization, a broad view of the computer is received.
The five major functional units of a digital computer are: 1) Input — to insert
outside information into the machine; 2) Storage or memory — to store information and make it available at the appropriate time; 3) Arithmeticlogical unit — to
perform the calculations; 4) Output — to remove data from the machine to the outside world and 5) Control unit — to cause all parts of a computer to act as a team.
Figure 5 shows how the five functional units of the computer act together. A
com-plete set of instructions and data are usually fed through the input equipment
to the memory where they are stored. Each instruction is then fed to the control
unit. The control unit interprets the instructions and issues commands to the other
functional units to cause operations to be performed on the data. Arithmetic
operations are
performed in the arithmetic-logical unit, and the results are then fed back to the
memory. Information may be fed from either the arithmetic unit or the memory
through the output equipment to the outside world.
The five units of the computer must communicate with each other. They can do
this by means of a machine language which uses a code composed of combinations
of electric pulses. These pulse combinations are usually represented by zeros and
ones, where the one may be a pulse and the zero — a nopulse. Numbers are communicated between one unit and another by means of these one-zero or pulse — no
pulse combinations. The input has the additional job of converting the information
fed in by the operator into machine language. In other words, it translates from our
language into the pulse — nopulse combinations understandable to the computer.
The output’s additional job is converting the pulse — no-pulse combinations into a
form understandable to us, such as a printed report.