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1. She had catoptrophobia, which is the fear of mirrors, as a child. (N)

Explanation: The phrase "which is the fear of mirrors" provides additional information about catoptrophobia. It is a non-defining relative clause because the information is not necessary to identify the noun "catoptrophobia". Commas are used to set off non-defining relative clauses.

2. Frank, whose mum is a nurse, is afraid of needles. (D)

Explanation: The relative pronoun "whose" introduces a defining relative clause that specifies which Frank is being referred to. The information about Frank's mum being a nurse is necessary to identify which Frank is being discussed.

3. This is the clinic where he goes for treatment for his phobia. (D)

Explanation: The relative pronoun "where" introduces a defining relative clause that specifies which clinic is being referred to. The information about the clinic being the place where he goes for treatment is necessary to identify the clinic.

4. It was after that plane crash last month that he started to fear flying. (D)

Explanation: The relative pronoun "that" introduces a defining relative clause that specifies when the fear of flying started. The information about the plane crash last month is necessary to identify the event that triggered the fear.

5. Rick, who lives on the 20th floor, is afraid of heights. (D)

Explanation: The relative pronoun "who" introduces a defining relative clause that specifies which Rick is being referred to. The information about Rick living on the 20th floor is necessary to identify which Rick is being discussed.

6. Paul is my friend, whose dad treats people with phobias. (D)

Explanation: The relative pronoun "whose" introduces a defining relative clause that specifies which Paul is being referred to. The information about Paul's dad treating people with phobias is necessary to identify which Paul is being discussed.

7. Do you know the reason why Tom didn't come to work? (D)

Explanation: The relative pronoun "why" introduces a defining relative clause that specifies the reason for Tom not coming to work. The information about the reason is necessary to identify why Tom didn't come to work. No commas are needed in this case.

Overall, relative pronouns (such as which, whose, where, that, who, why) are used to join relative clauses to the main clause. Defining relative clauses provide essential information to identify the noun they modify, while non-defining relative clauses provide additional, non-essential information. The use of commas depends on whether the relative clause is defining or non-defining.

В данном упражнении необходимо дополнить предложения с использованием "There's" или "There are", а затем соотнести их с фотографиями A-E. Для полного понимания задания, давайте его разберем пошагово.

1. "There is clear, blue water all around." - Судя по фотографиям, наиболее подходящей будет фотография D. Здесь изображено ясное, голубое водоем.

2. "There is grass in the valley and also some trees." - Исходя из информации, логичным ответом будет фотография B. На ней видно, что в долине есть трава и некоторые деревья.

3. "There are trees and bushes on both sides of the river." - Данное предложение описывает, что на обоих берегах реки есть деревья и кустарники. Исходя из этой информации, фотография C наиболее подходит к описанию.

4. "There is snow on the tops of the mountains." - Очевидно, что на вершинах гор есть снег. Таким образом, фотография A отображает данное описание.

Таким образом, мы разобрали все предложения и выбрали соответствующие им фотографии. Фотография E останется без варианта, так как есть одна дополнительная фотография, которая не соответствует ни одному из предложений.

Надеюсь, данное объяснение помогло вам понять и выполнить данное задание.