Listening & Speaking 8 a) 8.2.2.1
a
Listen to Petra talking about her job
and work routine and complete the table in your
notebook.
Job
Skills
Hours/Routine
Workplace
Wages​

1. You look wonderful! -Yes, I had a good rest. 2. I think I have caught a cold. 3. The house is so quiet. Everybody left. 4. Where is yesterday's newspaper? - I threw it away. 5. I can not get home. I lost the key. 6. Help me. I cut my finger. 7. Margaret's leg in a cast. She broke it. 8. Now the ticket costs 3 rubles. Payment increased. 9. I have not seen my school friend since I left school. 10. I have not been in my hometown for three years 11. I've seen very few interesting films in the last five years. 12. I've been here since morning. 13. How many years have you been friends with him? 14. I have not been to the theater since the fall. 15. We have not met with him for ages. 16. I read many books since I started to learn English. 17. This actor has not played in performances since last winter. 18. I have not received any letters from my cousin for a long time. 19. He has not written anything new since. 20. I have not been there since

The Russian constitution guarantees both men and women equal rights. And business has long ceased to be male territory. Women executives, executives and business owners are not uncommon. It was once customary to say that there is no male or female management style, but there are professionals and non-professionals. Moreover, experts also often could not give an unambiguous answer about male and female styles in management.

But the legal framework is not able to make everyone the same - some studies show that gender differences in management styles do exist.

Control styles

Management style is a system of actions of a manager that is aimed at employees and serves to achieve business goals. Several scientific theories (McGregori, Strogdill, Likert, Mitchell and House) describe the concept of management style. The main goal they pursue is to improve the performance of managers. And they all in one way or another refer to the classification introduced by the psychologist Kurt Lewin. He divided leadership styles into three clusters:

Authoritarian. Power is concentrated in the hands of one person.

Democratic. Managed by the group.

Liberal. The power of everyone. This style is also called anarchic.

With an authoritarian leadership style, the manager himself completely determines the methods and directions of work. Communication in the team is official, the opinion of employees does not play a decisive role. One of the features of this approach is a high degree of control over subordinates.

In a democratic style, collegiality prevails, the instructions of the leader are often based on the opinion of subordinates. Responsibilities are decentralized.

In a liberal management style, the manager is removed from the team leadership process, often acting as an intermediary for employees. He only gives them data and tools to work with.

Gender: male and female management style

According to psychologist E.P. Ilyin, male leaders are characterized by a low level of communication and empathy. They are conservative and aggressive. Women, in contrast to men, are more inclined to empathy, social partnership, successfully unite the team and motivate employees to perform difficult tasks.

Researchers Elvira Gizametdinova and Rail Uraev in the article "Gender Differences in Management" provide the following data: