Text 3 Normative economics vs. positive economics Economists analyze what people actually do and advise what people should do. The first approach is descriptive and the second is advisory. Descriptions of what people actually do are objective statements that can be tested or confirmed with data. Recommendations, based on personal feelings, tastes or opinions, are subjective judgments that advise individuals and society on their choices. The first of the two types refers to positive economics. The second is related to normative economics. Positive economic analysis uses scientific principles to arrive at objective, testable conclusions. It uses step-by-step procedures to validate statements. Normative economic analysis consists of creating a hypothesis, gathering data, testing the hypothesis, making predictions or forecasts, and making recommendations. Normative statements use factual evidence as support, but they are not by themselves factual.

G. Now read the text ‘Normative economics vs. positive economics’ again and decide whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the false statements.
1. Economists call factual statements about the world positive statements.
2. Economists call value-based statements normative statements.
3. The process of making recommendations about what action should be taken is related to normative analysis.
4. The description of what has happened or prediction of what will happen lie within the domain of normative economics.
5. Positive economics advises people on their choices.
6. Normative analysis depends on personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.
7. You can use normative economic analysis to predict other people’s behavior.

There are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Every season is beautiful in its own way.
When spring comes nature awakens from its long winter sleep. The days become longer and the nights become shorter. The ground is covered with green grass and spring flowers. The air is fresh, the sky is blue and cloudless, and the sun shines brightly. The trees are in full blossom. The days are warm and everything is full of life and joy.
Spring is followed by summer. The weather is usually fine in summer, but it can be very hot, especially in July. Sometimes there are storms with thunder and lightning. In summer people try to get away from the city noise and spend more time in the open air. They pick mushrooms and berries in the forest, swim in the rivers and lakes, go fishing. Most people prefer to have their holidays in summer.
Autumn begins in September. The days become shorter and the nights become longer. The leaves turn yellow, red and brown and fall to the ground. Most birds fly away to warm countries. It's a beautiful time when the sky is cloudless, the trees around are golden, the air is transparent and it's still warm. But it gets colder and colder. It often rains in October and November which makes autumn an unpleasant season.
In winter the sun sets early and rises late. The rivers and lakes are frozen over. Everything is covered with snow. Sometimes it's very cold, about 25-30 degrees below zero. Going out in such weather isn't very pleasant. Winter is a good time for sports. People go in for skating and skiing.
As for me, I like all seasons, but I think there's nothing like summer. Usually in summer I stay in the town. When the weather is good, I can go to the lake and swim there with my friends. Also, when it’s not very hot, I can go to the forest. The air is fresh there. I like to walk in the shade of the trees and pick up berries. But very often the weather is bad, and then I sit at home and play computer games or read the books on school program. Sometimes I can go to the cinema to watch new films. As you can see I like summer very much, but we know that every season is beautiful in its own way.

вот, проси если что то не видно

Я хочу съездить зимой на новогодние каникулы в Санкт-Петербург. Маршрут будет из Кирова напрямую в Санкт-Петербург. Я поеду на пассажирском поезде 259Т. Поездка будет длиться 22 часа 59 минут. Я уже была в Санкт-Петербурге в осеннее время года. Сейчас моя мечта съездить туда зимой. Хочется увидеть эту новогоднюю сказку вживую. А вечером там особенно красиво, везде горят огоньки и подсветка, лежит снег. Этот город сам по себе волшебный. Мне бы хотелось съездить туда с подругами, прогуляться по старым улочкам этого города. Еще я хотела бы посетить музеи, соборы, погулять по Невскому проспекту, посмотреть на разводные мосты. От этого захватывает дух. В Санкт-Петербурге в это время года довольно холодная погода, и дует сильный ветер, но на это даже не обращаешь внимания, когда видишь такую красоту вокруг. Я уверена, что получу много положительных эмоций от этой поездки