2 **Circle the correct options in the text. Cycling has been around for a long time. The first bicycles 'introduced /were introduced in the 1800s in Europe. Now, they ?used / are used by over a billion people around the world. It is thought that more bicycles than cars 3produced / are produced each year. In many parts of the world, people use / are used bicycles as the main form of transport. The word bicycle (which means 'two wheels') Screated / was created in 1868. However, the first bicycles appeared / were appeared many years earlier, in 1818. They called / were called 'Dandy Horses' and were very popular in Paris. These early bicycles Slooked / were looked similar to today's bicycles, but had a very large wheel at the front, and a smaller wheel at the back. The wheels were also extremely hard, so they weren't very fast. Modern wheels 'invented / were invented in the 1890s. This 10started / was started a new popular age of cycling Since then, the basic design of the bicycle has not really changed. In the future, it is likely that new forms of transport ''will invent/ will be invented, but the basic design of the bicycle 12will stay / will be stayed the same - it is the perfect machine.

Please translate from russian into english without a translator.
  nowadays, marriage plays a very important role in modern life. some people think that early marriage has a bad effect on their future lives, while others think that early marriage has many advantages. who is right? a moot point. now i am going to express my point of view and argue with my opponents.

  i firmly believe that there is nothing wrong with early marriage. first, there is a development of personal qualities of a person. young spouses should take care, support each other not only financially, but also to the iram. secondly, this is the most excellent period for conceiving a child. at a young age, people are physiologically most capable of continuing a kind. thirdly, marriage is gaining freedom from parents. young people are completely independent of their relatives.

  however, there is another opinion that early marriage has many shortcomings. for starters, statistically, early marriages often end in divorce. in addition, a job search process must be included.

  undoubtedly, early marriages are often associated with problems in an established family. nevertheless, i insist on a wedding - this is a very bright event, a memory of what will remain for the rest of my life.

  in conclusion, i can say that the marriage will be happy.

Test 13
1. Tom hasn’t met his sister since he was а child.
2. Olga lived in England last year.
3. I have lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere.
4. Look! Somebody has broken my pen.
5. How many plays did Shakespeare write?
6. Do you know about Jane? She has given up smoking.
7. I’m looking for Mike. Have you seen him?
8. Your car looks great. Have you washed it?
9. Mr. Clark has worked in а bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
10. I don’t know this young woman. We have never met before.
11. When did you write this poem?
12. Chaikovsky was а great Russian composer.
13. Mary isn’t at home. She has gone shopping.
14. Have you seen this film? It’s fantastic!
15. Oh! I have cut my finger. It’s bleeding.
16. Where (were you born?
17. My parents got married in а small village.
18. Agatha Christie wrote 68 novels, 17 plays and more than а hundred stories.
19. I’m very hungry! I haven’t eaten anything today.
20. When sending the telegram she forgot to write her name.

Test 14. Past Simple or Present Perfect?
1. It didn`t snow this week.
2. Did you see the news on television last night?
3. Mike left school in 1999.
4. I don’t know where my brother is. Have you seen him?
5. ‘Where is your key?’ ‘I don’t know. I have lost it.’
6. We visited the local museum the other day.
7. Ann is on holiday. She has gone to France.
8. When did the last train leave?
9. ‘Would you like something to eat?’ ‘No, thanks. I have just had lunch.’
10. Was the weather good when you were on holiday?
11. We have not seen each other for а long time.
12. It’s the most interesting book I have ever read.
13. He has drunk too much coffee today.
14. What did you do at the weekend?
15. John is hungry. He has not eaten anything since breakfast.
16. She did not go to the library three days ago.
17. How long have you known Bill?
18. Olga always wanted to visit Great Britain.
19. Have you heard from Jack recently?
20. Mark Twain lived in the state of Missouri.

Test 15. Past Simple or Present Perfect?
1. ‘Has he ever been to London?’ ‘Yes. he has. Several times.’
2. ‘What’s the news?’ ‘We have won the tennis competition.’
3. ‘When did you speak to him?’ ‘We met yesterday.’
4. He has not called me this month.
5. How long have you been ill?
6. We saw an interesting film the other day.
7. I have known them for 2 years.
8. Were you happy when you were a child?
9. I always traveled by plane.
10. Where is Tom? Have you seen him?
11. It’s the most interesting film I have ever seen.
12. The construction started in April.
13. She has not called me since she arrived in Moscow.
14. They did not go to the cinema last week.
15. We have had too many tests today.
16. What did you do last Sunday?
17. William Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays.
18. I have lost my exercise-book. I can’t find it anywhere.
19. Did you go to the cinema yesterday?
20. Have you met Ann lately?