Read the extracts below and say whether they are beginnings or endings. What techniques have the writers used to make their writing more effective?

1 ending technique: use of popular saying (техника концовки: использование народной поговорки)
2 beginning techniques: addressing reader directly + rhetorical question (техника начала: обращаясь к читателю напрямую + риторический вопрос)
3 ending technique: rhetorical question (техника концовки: риторический вопрос)