Lesson 8 banks and business
banks are different in different countries. let’s speak about the banks in the united states of america. there, commercial banks are classified into two main groups. first, there are national banks. they are charted are supervised by the federal government. secondly, there are state banks. they are charted and supervised by the state in which they are operated. all commercial banks can make loans to borrowers.

major commercial banks in such cities as tokyo, paris, rio cooperate with each other. in this way they finance imports and exports between countries.

an importer buys merchandise from another country using the currency of that country. for that purpose he buys this currency from the foreign exchange department of his bank. and in the same way if an exporter receives foreign money from sales to other countries, he sells this currency to his bank. by this method the currency of any country can usually be exchanged.

commercial bank коммерческий банк

national bank национальный банк

to charter учреждать, создавать

to supervise заведовать, контролировать

state bank государственный банк

merchandise товары

currency валюта, деньги

foreign exchange department отдел обмена валюты

to exchange currency обменивать валюту

comprehension questions.

1. what do all commercial banks do?

2. what kinds of commercial banks in the usa do you know? what are they called?

3. who supervises the operations of national banks?

4. what kind of currency does an importer generally use when he buys goods from another country?

5. what do you know about the “international exchange”?

6. what is the currency of this country called?

7. what is the exchange rate between your currency and the currency of the usa and germany? how can you find it out if you don’t know it?

vocabulary practice

choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.

1. federal government … and … all national banks. | 1. merchandise 2. currency

2. international cooperation between banks makes it possible … imports and exports. | 3. commercial

3. it is possible to convert american dollars to swiss francs in … department. | 4. foreign exchange

4. the … of germany is the mark. | 5. to finance

5. all … banks make loans to borrowers. | 6. to supervise

6. if the importer buys … from another country he will pay for it in the currency of this country. | 7. to charter

The UK government plans to toughen punishment for cruelty to animals.

Under the new bill, the court should have the authority to determine fines in an unlimited amount, as well as prohibit violators of the law in the future to get animals. The maximum possible sentence is five years in prison.

The British government plans to publish the final bill by the end of this year, and early next it will be tabled in Parliament.

The first animal protection law in Britain was passed in 1822. Since then, it has changed and supplemented more than once. Over the years, the Law on Dogs (1928), the Regulation on the Control of Dogs (1930), the Law on the Prohibition of the Throwing of Animals (1960), and other regulatory documents came into force. In 2007, the “Animal Welfare Act” came into force, which establishes five freedoms for all types of domestic animals: freedom of proper nutrition, freedom of comfortable living conditions, freedom to be alone or in a company, the right to regular checks in case of abnormal behavior, the right to protect against pain, suffering, illness and injury. Violation of these rights and freedoms in relation to our smaller brothers is punishable by a fine of up to 5 thousand pounds.

The UK government plans to toughen punishment for cruelty to animals.

Under the new bill, the court should have the authority to determine fines in an unlimited amount, as well as prohibit violators of the law in the future to get animals. The maximum possible sentence is five years in prison.

The British government plans to publish the final bill by the end of this year, and early next it will be tabled in Parliament.

The first animal protection law in Britain was passed in 1822. Since then, it has changed and supplemented more than once. Over the years, the Law on Dogs (1928), the Regulation on the Control of Dogs (1930), the Law on the Prohibition of the Throwing of Animals (1960), and other regulatory documents came into force. In 2007, the “Animal Welfare Act” came into force, which establishes five freedoms for all types of domestic animals: freedom of proper nutrition, freedom of comfortable living conditions, freedom to be alone or in a company, the right to regular checks in case of abnormal behavior, the right to protect against pain, suffering, illness and injury. Violation of these rights and freedoms in relation to our smaller brothers is punishable by a fine of up to 5 thousand pounds.